Diamond Material Data
Diamond is renowned as one of the most ‘extreme’ naturally occurring materials in existence. Famously, it is one of hardest materials known to Man, although it has many other extreme properties that are not so well known, such as one of the highest room-temperature thermal conductivities of any conventional solid. This property is the reason that diamond feels cold to the touch, which has lead to it acquiring its nickname of ‘ice’.
On this page, I've gathered together some technical data about diamond as a material. Where appropriate (and available), I've cited references [in square brackets] for the measured quantities. You'll find these sources listed at the bottom of the page.
Mechanical and Thermal Properties
| Property | Value [ref.] |
|---|---|
| Crystal structure | Diamond (cubic) Space group: Fd3m Pearson Symbol: cF8 Strukturbericht Designation: A4 |
| Lattice parameter (300 K) | 3.56683 Å [1,2,4] 6.74033 a.u. [1,2,4] 3.5597 Å [10] 6.7269 a.u. [10] |
| Bond length (300 K) | 1.5445 Å [2] 2.9187 a.u. [2] |
| Bond angle (the tetrahedral angle) | 2×tan-1(√2) 1.9106332362... rads. 109.47122063...° |
| Packing fraction | (√3)×π/16 0.34008738... |
| Relative hardness | 10 Mohs [exact] |
| Knoop hardness | 8000 [10] |
| Knoop microhardness (100) face (110), (111) faces |
79 GPa [10] 56–102 GPa [10] 58–88 GPa [10] |
| Vickers microhardness: (100) face (111) face |
88–147 GPa [10] 98 GPa [10] |
| Abrasive hardness | 140,000 [10] |
| Modulus of elasticity | 700–1200 GPa [10] |
| Young's modulus ([111] direction) | 1223 GPa [11] |
| Volume compressibility | 18×10-10 m2 N-1 [10] |
| Compressive yield strength | 8680–16530 MPa [10] |
| Poisson's ratio | 0.1–0.29 [10] |
| Atomic weight of C | 12.0107(8) u (a.m.u.) [6] 1.9944(1)×10-26 kg [6] |
| Mass of 12C atom | 12 u (a.m.u.) [exact] 1.992648×10-26 kg |
| Density (300 K) | 3515.25 kg m-3 [1] |
| Atomic concentration (300 K) | 1.763×1023 cm-3 [2] |
| Bulk modulus | 442.3 GPa [3] |
| Linear expansion coefficient (300 K) | 1.05×10-6 K-1 [2] |
| Melting point | 3773 K [2] 4027 °C [10] 3850 K [12] |
| Coefficient of (linear) thermal expansion (20 °C) | 1.18 µm m°C-1 [10] |
| Heat capacity | 0.4715 J g-1 °C-1 [10] |
| Thermal conductivity: (Type-I, 300 K) (Type-IIa, 300 K) (Type-IIb, 300 K) — |
895 W m-1 K-1 [12] 2300 W m-1 K-1 [12] 1350 W m-1 K-1 [12] 2000 W m-1 K-1 [4,10] |
| Heat of formation | 714.4 kJ mol-1 [10] |
| Debye temperature | 2067 °C [10] |
| Raman frequency (first order) | ∼1332 cm-1 [7,8] |
Optical and Electronic Properties
| Property | Value [ref.] |
|---|---|
| Refractive index: (546.1 nm) (589 nm) (591 nm) (visible light range) |
2.424 [2] 2.419 [10] 2.41 [7] ∼2.40–2.46 [9] |
| Dielectric constant: (300 K, 1–10 kHz) (25 °C, 1 MHz) |
5.70 [2] 5.5–5.7 [10] |
| Dielectric strength | 1000 kV mm-1 [10] |
| Dissipation factor | 0.0002 [10] |
| Nature of band-gap | Indirect |
| Electronic band-gap (0 K) | 5.48 eV [4] |
| Electronic band-gap (300 K) | 5.50 eV [1] 5.47 eV [4,5] |
| Electron mobility (300 K) (high-purity single-crystal CVD) |
1800 cm2 V-1 s-1 [4] 4500 cm2 V-1 s-1 [13] |
| Hole mobility (300 K) (high-purity single-crystal CVD) |
1200 cm2 V-1 s-1 [4] 3800 cm2 V-1 s-1 [13] |
| Relative permittivity | 5.570 [1] |
References
- Physics of Semiconductors and Their Heterostructures, Jasprit Singh, McGraw-Hill, New York (1993)
- D. W. Palmer, www.semiconductors.co.uk, 2003.04
- H. J. McSkimin and P. Andreatch, Jr., J. Appl. Phys. 43 (7), 2944–2948 (1972)
- Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 2nd Edition, S. M. Sze, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1981)
- S. Koizumi, invited review presented at the conference: The Physics of Group-IV Semiconductors, University of Exeter, U.K., 7th–10th April 2003
- IUPAC, http://www.iupac.org/
- Synthetic Diamond — Emerging CVD Science and Technology, Spear and Dismukes, Wiley, New York (1994)
- S. A. Solin and K. Ramdas, Phys. Rev. B 1, 1687 (1970)
- Edwards, D. F. and Philipp, H. R. in HOC-I, pg. 665
- MatWeb, http://www.matweb.com/
- Wang, S.-F. et al., Mater. Chem. Phys. 85 (2–3), 432–437 (2004)
- CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th Edition, David R. Lide, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton (1994)
- J. Isberg, J. Hammersberg, E. Johansson, T. Wikström, D. J. Twitchen, A. J. Whitehead, S. E. Coe, and G. A. Scarsbrook, Science 297, 1670–1672 (2002)